The Data of Macroeconomics

Scientists, economists, and detectives have much in common: they all want to
figure out what’s going on in the world around them. To do this, they rely on
both theory and observation. They build theories in an attempt to make sense of
what they see happening. They then turn to more systematic observation to evaluate
the theories’ validity. Only when theory and evidence come into line do
they feel they understand the situation. This chapter discusses the types of observation that economists use to develop and test their theories.
Casual observation is one source of information about what’s happening in
the economy. When you go shopping, you see how fast prices are rising. When
you look for a job, you learn whether firms are hiring. Because we are all participantsin the economy, we get some sense of economic conditions as we go
about our lives.

A century ago, economists monitoring the economy had little more to go on
than these casual observations. Such fragmentary information made economic
policy making all the more difficult. One person’s anecdote would suggest the
economy was moving in one direction, while a different person’s anecdote
would suggest it was moving in another. Economists needed some way to combine
many individual experiences into a coherent whole. There was an obvious
solution: as the old quip goes, the plural of “anecdote” is “data.”
Today, economic data offer a systematic and objective source of information,
and almost every day the newspaper has a story about some newly released statistic.
Most of these statistics are produced by the government. Various government
agencies survey households and firms to learn about their economic activity—
how much they are earning, what they are buying, what prices they are charging,
whether they have a job or are looking for work, and so on. From these surveys,
various statistics are computed that summarize the state of the economy. Economists use these statistics to study the economy; policymakers use them to monitor developments and formulate policies.

This chapter focuses on the three statistics that economists and policymakers use
most often. Gross domestic product, or GDP, tells us the nation’s total income and the total expenditure on its output of goods and services. The consumer
price index, or CPI, measures the level of prices. The unemployment rate tells
us the fraction of workers who are unemployed. In the following pages, we see
how these statistics are computed and what they tell us about the economy

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Microeconomic Thinking and Macroeconomic Models

Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and
how these decisionmakers interact in the marketplace.A central principle of microeconomics
is that households and firms optimize—they do the best they can
for themselves given their objectives and the constraints they face. In microeconomic
models, households choose their purchases to maximize their level of satisfaction,
which economists call utility, and firms make production decisions to
maximize their profits.
Because economy-wide events arise from the interaction of many households
and many firms, macroeconomics and microeconomics are inextricably linked.
When we study the economy as a whole,we must consider the decisions of individual
economic actors. For example, to understand what determines total consumer
spending, we must think about a family deciding how much to spend
today and how much to save for the future.To understand what determines total
investment spending, we must think about a firm deciding whether to build a
new factory. Because aggregate variables are the sum of the variables describing
many individual decisions, macroeconomic theory rests on a microeconomic
foundation.
Although microeconomic decisions always underlie economic models, in
many models the optimizing behavior of households and firms is implicit rather
than explicit.The model of the pizza market we discussed earlier is an example.
Households’ decisions about how much pizza to buy underlie the demand for
pizza, and pizzerias’ decisions about how much pizza to produce underlie the
supply of pizza. Presumably, households make their decisions to maximize utility,
and pizzerias make their decisions to maximize profit.Yet the model did not
focus on these microeconomic decisions; it left them in the background. Similarly,
in much of macroeconomics, the optimizing behavior of households and
firms is left implicit.

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What Macroeconomists Study

Why have some countries experienced rapid growth in incomes over the past century while others stay mired in poverty? Why do some countries have high rates of inflation while others maintain stable prices? Why do all countries experience recessions and depressions—recurrent periods of falling incomes and rising unemployment—and how can government policy reduce the frequency and severity of these episodes? Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, attempts to answer these and many related questions.
To appreciate the importance of macroeconomics, you need only read the newspaper or listen to the news. Every day you can see headlines such as INCOME GROWTH SLOWS, FED MOVES TO COMBAT INFLATION, or
STOCKS FALL AMID RECESSION FEARS.Although these macroeconomic
events may seem abstract, they touch all of our lives. Business executives forecasting
the demand for their products must guess how fast consumers’ incomes will
grow. Senior citizens living on fixed incomes wonder how fast prices will rise.
Recent college graduates looking for jobs hope that the economy will boom and
that firms will be hiring.
Because the state of the economy affects everyone,macroeconomic issues play
a central role in political debate.Voters are aware of how the economy is doing,
and they know that government policy can affect the economy in powerful
ways.As a result, the popularity of the incumbent president rises when the economy
is doing well and falls when it is doing poorly.
Macroeconomic issues are also at the center of world politics. In recent years,
Europe has moved toward a common currency, many Asian countries have experienced
financial turmoil and capital flight, and the United States has financed
large trade deficits by borrowing from abroad.When world leaders meet, these
topics are often high on their agendas.


Although the job of making economic policy falls to world leaders, the job of
explaining how the economy as a whole works falls to macroeconomists.Toward
this end, macroeconomists collect data on incomes, prices, unemployment, and
many other variables from different time periods and different countries. They
then attempt to formulate general theories that help to explain these data. Like
astronomers studying the evolution of stars or biologists studying the evolution
of species, macroeconomists cannot conduct controlled experiments. Instead,
they must make use of the data that history gives them. Macroeconomists observe
that economies differ from one another and that they change over time.
These observations provide both the motivation for developing macroeconomic
theories and the data for testing them.
To be sure, macroeconomics is a young and imperfect science. The macroeconomist’s
ability to predict the future course of economic events is no better
than the meteorologist’s ability to predict next month’s weather. But, as you will
see, macroeconomists do know quite a lot about how the economy works.This
knowledge is useful both for explaining economic events and for formulating
economic policy.
Every era has its own economic problems. In the 1970s, Presidents Richard
Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter all wrestled in vain with a rising rate of
inflation. In the 1980s, inflation subsided, but Presidents Ronald Reagan and
George Bush presided over large federal budget deficits. In the 1990s, with President
Bill Clinton in the Oval Office, the budget deficit shrank and even turned
into a budget surplus, but federal taxes as a share of national income reached a
historic high. So it was no surprise that when President George W. Bush moved
into the White House in 2001, he put a tax cut high on his agenda. The basic
principles of macroeconomics do not change from decade to decade, but the
macroeconomist must apply these principles with flexibility and creativity to
meet changing circumstances.

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How to start your own Home Business

Following are the basic steps in setting up for home business success.

1. Attitude

The key to your business success is your attitude.

Treat your business like a business.

This is critical whether you are working part-time or full-time. One of my colleagues is a mother who works from home around her family. She has always put her family first whilst at the same time developing her business. She says, "I work part-time, but I have a full-time attitude."

Put another way, "If you have a hobby attitude you will have a hobby income, if you have a business attitude you will have a business income."

You can be successful working part-time and you can be successful working full-time but it is highly unlikely that you will be successful working in your "spare time".

2. Working Environment

A space that you can call your own, free from distractions for your scheduled time.

A comfortable chair and organized desk.
Stationery supplies as required. For example:

- pens
- highlighters
- stapler
- hole punch
- sticky tape
- note book(s)
- a simple filing system
- ring binders
- manilla folders

Consider the value of a broadband connection. Your time is valuable and a broadband connection can allow you to get more done in a given time frame.

3. Schedule

Develop a schedule that works for you, your family (or "significant others") and your business. When you allot a block of time for work then use that time for work. Equally important is to schedule time for your other commitments - family time, self education ( reading, listening and viewing), "health time" (exercise, cooking and eating), and leisure time. During these other times don't work. After all if one of the reasons to work from home is to spend more time with your family then you don't want your working at home time to consume your family time.

You are working for yourself and your schedule (by your choice) is your "boss". When you have people calling you or dropping around unexpectedly or maybe out-of-town visitors may want to catch up with you then you need to make a choice. Are you committed to your own business success? What will be your choice in these situations? Only you can decide what is important to you.

In a family environment you may need to negotiate with your partner and children to have your business time agreed upon, during which you will not be interrupted. Put this schedule prominently somewhere so all family members are aware of your work schedule.

4. Describe Your Business

Be able to describe your business concisely; a powerful one or two sentence description that someone can repeat in describing your business to others. A unique and memorable tag line can also be invaluable for promoting your business.

5. Know Your Product or Service

Once you have selected your product or service to sell, it may or may not be something that you use yourself but you need to know your product intimately. If you are selling ebooks then know the content and its value. If you are selling software then use it know it "inside out". You will develop a reputation of providing quality information and because of your product knowledge you can become the preferred supplier.

It is not practical to use certain products (for example a woman may choose to sell man's shoes or vice versa) in which case the seller won't be a product user, however the seller can still know the benefits and features of the product intimately.

6. Administration

Use good record keeping practices.

This may involve a consultation with a tax advisor who can let you know about the optimal way to set up your financial records and what records need to be kept. Your advisor will also recommend record keeping systems and you can find out what software may simplify this aspect of your business. Additionally your obtain advice on the best arrangement for your bank accounts. You will most likely be advised to have a separate bank account.

You will also need to keep track of your various logins, usernames and passwords. A very handy little software tool for this is Treepad available as either the free Lite version (without password protection) or the commercial Plus or Biz versions. http://www.treepad.com

There are other useful tools for this also from a simple paper notebook to free and commercial password keepers. One popular solution is Roboform that will remember your login details and can automatically fill out your login and other registration forms. http://www.roboform.com

7. Computer Protection

Your computer is the lifeline to your business dealings and must be protected including the data that is stored.

You need a virus scanner, personal firewall, anti-spyware and anti-adware and preferably an email scanner with the ability to delete suspect of spam email from the server before it is downloaded to your computer.

Some suggestions are:

AVG Anti-Virus: http://www.grisoft.com
Spybot S&D: http://www.safer-networking.org
Microsoft Anti-Spyware:
www.microsoft.com/athome/security/spyware/software/default.mspx
Adaware: http://www.lavasoft.com/
Mailwasher Email Scanner: http://www.mailwasher.net

8. A Domain Name

You will most likely need a domain name for your business and one cost effective registrar is GoDaddy, http://www.godaddy.com.

9. Payment Processing

You will need a way to process credit cards; that may be using services such as:
- PayPal https://www.paypal.com
- Storm Pay http://www.stormpay.com
- 2 Checkout http://www.2checkout.com
- Clickbank http://www.clickbank.com or others.

This is the most economical way to get started. Once your business picks up you may need to look into your own merchant account for credit card transactions.

Consideration may also be given to other forms of online currency such as eGold http://www.egold.com

10. Email accounts

Once you have your own domain you can use an associated email account. This can further assist in the promotion of your business and promotes a more professional business image.

As a final comment on continuing in your internet business, conduct your business ethically, provide extraordinary service and be proud to put your name to the products or services that you are selling and you will be on track to developing a sustainable long term internet business.

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degree of financial leverage

by: Anita van Wyk

More and more, potential customers are not letting their "fingers do the walking." To find what they need, they are using
their fingers to click at Google, Yahoo! or MSN .

If you do not have a website – you are loosing them before you even have a change to tell them about your product or service. Think of a Web site as multiple, full-page Yellow Page ads that gets 100 times more results for your local business.

Cover every business category and geographic region for a fraction of the cost of a single Yellow Pages ad.

A Web site that works is the most cost-and-time efficient way to:

1. Build loyal lifetime customers
2. Grow Your Client Base
3. Build Trust With Potential Customers
4. Get the Jump on Competitors
5. Develop and Stay "Top of Mind"
6. Extend Your Reach - Attract new local (and global!) customers
7. Diversify: Open up new revenue streams.

But where do you start?
Well, you need to register a domain name, host your new site, build the site pages, submit your site to the directories and
them promote it. You’ll need other people to link to your site and you’d want to send your customers emails.

Perhaps most important of all you’d need to know how many people are visiting your site and how many of those are buying
from you.

It might seem like a lot at first glance and it can be, but not if you choose a company that gives you all the tools, in one place, with a straightforward, integrated, step-by-step process to support you every step of the way. Site Build It! (SBI!) is the only product in the world that combines site-building,
site-hosting, and site-marketing and that makes it easy for you to build a professional, popular, and profitable business. You don’t need any technical experience (html, ftp, etc.) either, they handle all that for you.

Sites built using SBI! consistently get high traffic, as a recent Alexa.com survey shows.
- 62% of SBI! sites fall within the top 3% most popular sites on the Internet
- 53% fall within the 2% most popular
- 35% fall within the 1% most popular.

If you can use e-mail and surf the Web, you can create a professional-looking, traffic-generating, sales-producing site.
Real estate agent, landscaper, restaurant owner, health practitioner, artist, alarm system distributor, boutique owner...whoever you are and whatever you do... Site Build It! (SBI!) is the affordable, all-tools-in-one-place solution you need to build and host a
Web site that WORKS.

There is no better time than now to get your business on the World Wide Web... before you competition does.

This article may be freely reprinted as long as all links and author information remain.

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seven Tips to Market Your Business

Marketing a business can be fun, exciting and creative. It can also be very frustrating and expensive if one doesn’t know what outcome they are looking for or how to evaluate cost effective methods of marketing.

Over the years people have come to know me for my unique ability to develop low cost and no cost strategies to market and promote a business, product or service. Strategies that have realized incredible returns.

Some of my successes have included:

- Before my last book was published I pre-sold over $8,000 in books
- Over 250 people registered for a recent seminar in less than 2 weeks and the cost to promote was under $25
- One company used my strategies for a career expo and made over $180,000 in consulting fees
- One speaker sold over $23,000 in product sales back of the room at a two hour seminar with strategies outlined in my program

I don’t share this to impress anyone, rather to impress upon you when using the right strategies for your market, you can realize some incredible results.

People have also come to know me as someone who is a stickler when it comes to putting systems in place. My marketing successes are a direct result of the systems I have implemented.

With a bit of forethought, planning and desire, you can successfully market your business in a very effective manner. Below are seven proven strategies sure to increase visibility, leads and sales.

1. Business Cards
Business cards are often one of the most underutilized tools in one’s marketing.
Use the front and back of your business card to gain full benefit. Depending on your market you can put some very valuable information on the back such as a sports schedule, emergency numbers, or special dates people want to remember.

Keep some in your wallet, your automobile, on your desk, and some at home. Be sure to carry them with you wherever you go and be willing to hand them out as opportunity presents itself.

Creatively distribute your card. When you eat out you can leave one with the tip.
If you borrow a library book, use one as a book mark. Hand them to clerks in stores who may know other people who could use your product or service.

When someone gives you their business card be sure to enter their information in your database. Send them a short note or email within 48 hours of meeting them to keep your name fresh in their mind.

2. Send a picture
A great way to keep your name fresh in a customer’s mind is to send them a picture of when they purchased a product or service from you.

Put a picture of a buyer’s auto purchase in a beautiful calendar. Likely, the proud owner of the vehicle will display the calendar for the next 365 days.

For specialty gift shops, when a customer makes a substantial purchase, have a picture taken with the shop owner. Frame the picture and send it to the customer.
Chances are very good the picture will be displayed proudly for friends and family to see.

A dentist who specializes in smile makeovers can easily arrange to have a professional makeup artist and photographer capture the patient’s beautiful new smile. No doubt the patient will be more than happy to show others their new look.

3. Associations
Associations particular to your market are a great resource for marketing. There are associations specific to virtually any industry, job type or business. A quick web search will likely show you how much is available.

A major opportunity within many organizations is the chance to network. Additionally, to make presentations. Along with presentations come publications.
Often, when you do a presentation, you will get a mention in the association newsletter, their Ezine and/or on their website.

In many cases, when an organization has a newsletter or Ezine, they welcome the presenter writing a press announcement for them. It saves them time and often assures you have a better chance of the information making it into the publication.

They may also welcome you writing an article for their publication or website.
This lends itself to pre-presentation visibility. Additionally, you will position yourself as an expert and increase credibility.

Most organizations have the following opportunities that can help you to gain visibility and do some very effective marketing:

-Newsletters
-Internet listings
-Links to you website
-Discounted advertising rates
-Networking opportunities
-Business referral services
-Special recognition events
-Education seminars
-Business and membership directories

In many cases you will need to be a member of the association to take advantage of the multiple marketing opportunities. In other cases membership is not necessary.

4. Committee Involvement
Committee involvement is a great way to give back to the association or community while building visibility for you and your business. In some cases, you may even want to get involved in a committee where you have little experience or knowledge. This will give you an opportunity to stretch yourself and meet and network with individuals you may not have otherwise had the chance to meet.

5. Contests and drawings
Contests are a favorite for many businesses such as restaurants or those that have high foot traffic. Contests are a great way to build your database quickly.
You are generating very hot leads when you have a contest with people who have already frequented your place of business. The key though is to do back -end marketing. Far too many businesses hold contests, get lots of names and do nothing with them. In this case, it is a complete waste of time to hold a contest.
You can advertise a contest to gain new foot traffic in your place of business.
Trade show booths are a great place to hold a contest. Pre-show marketing helps to generate traffic at your booth. Invite people to stop by booth # _____ (whatever your booth is) to enter to win. Creative contests can also generate free publicity.

6. Cross-promoting
Join with other companies who have products or services that compliment yours and promote each other. Let’s say you have a massage business. You could partner with a candle company to sell their candles to your massage clients. They can give out coupons for your massage business. Or the candle company can partner with a gift basket company. Cross-promoting is only limited by your imagination.

This can considerably cut down the cost of business promotion and allow each business to use promotion techniques that might be too expensive to implement alone.

7. Bonuses
Secure special offers from various businesses who want to share a similar market as you. When a customer buys a minimum amount they receive a bonus packet with the various offers from the other vendors. This is a win/win all the way around. The other vendors gain visibility, you have something extra to offer you customers and the customers get incredible value for their purchase.

Be aware of who you cross-promote and joint venture with. You want someone who will be equally committed to a campaign.

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The Keys to be successful in your Business

1. Demand

You can have the most awesome product and the most hi-tech web site, but if you can’t generate demand for your product, your business is doomed from the start. There are many ways to generate demand in the online world. You could advertise in ezines, start an affiliate program, encourage word of mouth, referrals, do joint ventures. Remember, without demand, there will be no sales. And without sales, where does that leave you?

2. Order

When you start getting visitors to your web site, it’s now just a matter of turning them into your customers. Okay, maybe it’s not as easy as it sounds. This is why, once your visitor has decided to become a customer, you have to make sure that it is easy for them to do so. Make sure that your ordering process is easy and straightforward. The less clicks to secure an order, the better.

3. Payment

This is one process of your internet business that you’d definitely not want to get wrong - how money is actually transferred from your customer to you. The most popular means of doing this online is through credit card transactions. Credit cards makes full use of a person’s ‘buy now think later’ attitude. So, your sales would be a lot higher if you accepted credit cards than if you didn’t. This doesn’t mean you shouldn’t have alternative methods. The more payment methods you offer, the easier your customer will find it to pay for your product.

4. Fulfillment

After payment has been made, don’t make the mistake of thinking that the coast is clear. There’s still the matter of delivering your products. If you sell digital products, it is now normal standard to have it delivered instantly. People now expect this, so make sure you set this up. If you sell physical products that needs physical delivery, make sure that you communicate with your customer every step of the way. Ensure them that their goods are on the way. If possible, send them a means to track the movement of their package. Your customers should never feel insecure.

5. Service and Support

Once the sale has been made, it doesn’t stop there. You have to provide excellent customer support. Your internet business customer support will determine, to some extent, whether your customer will request a refund and whether or not they will make repeat purchases. Support abilities of an internet business is getting more and more efficient. So don’t get caught behind. The least you should do is provide timely e-mail support. If you have a busier site, then consider other support methods - online helpdesk, FAQs, live chats, ticket system, knowledge base ….

6. Security

The Internet community is getting more aware of what to look out for in order to protect themselves from many of the net’s less desirable activities. One of which is e-commerce frauds. It is, therefore, up to you to prove to your visitors that they can trust you. Things like using secured server to process payments, can go a long way. Purchase a digital certificate, if you can. Add a physical mail address or a phone number where they can contact you. Anything at all, to give your visitors some peace of mind.

7. Community

Once you’ve received more than just a handful of sales, you should think about starting a community. Making your customers a part of a community, gives them a sense of belonging. Have your community be a part of your product development. Listen to their suggestions. Not only will you get product ideas for your internet business, your sales ratio will increase with every new product release and you will have a loyal customer base.

There you go. Work on these seven keys and you’ll be way ahead of most internet businesses out there on the net today.

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seven ways in Network Marketing to increase your Profit

1. Contacts
Remember that your contacts are your most valuable asset. Who are your contacts? The people you see on the streets? Your next door neighbor?

When considering whom to invite, try those closest to you first. This is because they are most likely to be more open to your suggestions and will be willing to do you a few favors (such as buying that detergent you are hawking). The great thing about this is that they will really mind plunking a few bucks to help jumpstart your business. And when they see that you are doing well, they could very well join you as well.

When you run through the whole list of you clan, what will that leave you with? You will of course have to go to those people that next in line with regards to closeness or affinity to you. And what if that gives out too?

You can always adopt a friendlier stance and chat up that neighbor you never talked to. You could meet new people on the bus and on the train. But remember, you have to like them as people first. Don’t go about and look at them like walking piggy banks. People will know if they are being looked upon as ‘things.’ Always regard them highly and get to know them. Build their trust. The truth is, the friendships you build will be the true reward, and the sales will be just a side dish.

Always ask for referrals from your contacts. This is another sure way to increase your prospects.

2. Believe
If you yourself do not believe in your product, chances are you won’t be able to sell it to others. Remember, nothing promotes a product better that a satisfied customer. Let others see you using the product. Say glowing things about it. And most of all, let all that you say be true. If your customer finds out you weren’t being honest, you could ruin your business relationship.

When you choose a network business, take into consideration their product. See if you can believe in it and pitch for it effectively.

3. Recruit the right people
Don’t just recruit anybody. Make sure the people you recruit share an unbridled passion, and tireless work ethic with like you. If you don’t chances are, they will drop out of the networking business and you will not be able to build your downline.

4. Don’t force the issue
When trying to close a sale, don’t force the issue. If you do, people will get suspicious as to why you are doing so. Are selling them counterfeit items? Are you only interested in your profit and not in your customer’s satisfaction? Always keep this in mind: the customer always comes first. Please them, and the profits and windfall from these relationships will follow.

5. Look the part
When recruiting others, you can’t say, “You will get rich with network marketing,” and look shabby all the while. They’d say, “I thought you got rich from this thing, why do you look like you didn’t.” People will want to see a visible sign of success. You are their only reference point. If you are not convincing as a successful networking agent,

6. Hang in there
Perseverance is a virtue. If money grew on trees, you’d still have to wait for them to grow. Remember the old adage: try and try, until you succeed. Remember that your goal is not to just to get money, but to build upon a good income generating business.

7. Evolve
Don’t be satisfied thinking that your techniques at recruiting will forever be effective. Although there are basic principles that should be followed, you can forever improve on your techniques. Today’s society is constantly evolving. If you want to catch up with them, you have to evolve in your marketing strategies as well.

Try ‘Em
Try these tips. They are sure to give you more confidence in your network marketing strategy!

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3 important rules to make advertisement

As you begin to write your sales copy for your advertisement keep one thing in your mind…Everything you put into the must point out a specific benefit to your prospect.

Ask yourself as you write, “How will this help to get my prospect to act now?”

Always focus on the prospect, no matter what everyone else says or thinks. Tell them you’ve got a solution to their wants, needs desires, RIGHT NOW! The purpose is to get them to act.

1. Identify the prospect pain. (Research your target prospect to understand this)

2. Make them really feel it (they will do more to avoid pain than they will to gain pleasure…so really hit them between the eyes)

3. Let them know you can take it away right now. (Go into absolute detail here)

4. Let him know the pain will stay unless they act now. (Remind them of the pain they are currently feeling. Go into detail here as well)

5. Remove the risk of taking action for them. (make it so simple and risk free, they would feel silly not using your product or service)


Write your ad as though they are sitting beside you. You know their needs, wants and desires intimately because you have now done your research thoroughly.

Write the same way, as you would have a conversation. Use a friendly, matter of fact manner, (Don’t beat around the bush! This is serious)

Read it back to yourself out loud, putting yourself in their shoes.

Do you feel the pain? Can you truly empathise with him? Use short sharp spunky words. These will get more reaction from them.

Tell them exactly what you mean and what they need to do in a step-by-step way. Make it as simple as possible.

Take the risk out of it with a very strong guarantee. This will earn their trust for your product or service. They’ll feel like they got absolutely nothing to lose.

Make it as easy for them!

Make it interesting. If they get bored by what you have to say…so will lots of other prospects. Make the phone number, e-mail address, coupon, or whatever it is, easy to see and simple to use!

Make this information plain as day. Make them feel special, important and worthwhile.

You will win their loyalty.


About the author:
Smarter Business Leads specialize in using Low Cost Advertising & Marketing Ideas that will explode your businesses cash register. Check them out at www.smarterbusinessleads.comif you hurry they may even send you a free report go to www.smarterbusinessleads.comnow

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Crucial Elements For increase Sales

Marketers from every niche have common ground when it comes to bills. Yeah, every month there’s a new stack of bills demanding to be paid. Will there be enough profit to slide right through bill paying time without a flinch? Or do you find yourself fretting about whether you’ll even break even? You don’t have to be victimized by envelopes and 8x10 sheets of paper. Implement these 3 techniques to boost your sales.

1. Find More Customers
The first thing that comes to mind when we think of making more money is getting more customers through our doors. In fact, the majority of advertising focuses on doing just that. There are several things you can do to entice more customers to buy from you.

Implement Follow-Ups
Marketing gurus have discovered that follow ups can increase your customer conversion rates by as much as 50%. Now, that’s a whopping improvement! Don’t let potential customers fade away. Keep the doors for future communication open, and watch the drastic growth in your profits.

Encourage Referrals
Every satisfied customer will tell 3 friends or family members about your business - without encouragement. Imagine what would happen if you start rewarding their efforts.

Get Free Publicity
Nearly everyone keeps a sharp eye on the local news. Hey, it’s funner to know what’s going on when you personally recognize the names and faces in print! Find ways to make your business newsworthy and catch the attention of potential customers without even paying advertising fees.


2. Sell More Per Customer
Think about it... how can you get every customer that walks through your doors to spend more money before walking back out the doors? Here are 3 sure-fire, profit increasing tips:

Increase your prices.
Hey, that might not be as bad as you think. Along with the price increase, focus on increasing the perceived value of your product. Yeah, we all expect to pay a little more for high quality stuff. Not everyone is bent on finding the absolute cheapest price in town... they may be more interested in lasting quality.

Add some higher end products or services to your business.
It’s never wise to put all of your eggs in one basket. That’s why wise marketers diversify their products and services. Think of it this way... higher priced products may not make as many sales, but each sale will bring in a much greater profit. You don’t need to make as many sales to come out on the best end of the deal.

Upsell
Offer every customer an additional product that accents his current purchase at the register. Hey, maybe they forgot they’d need batteries to go with the toy they're getting for their niece's birthday gift! You can be a hero... a richer hero.

3. Sell More Often
The fact that it’s easier to sell to the people who know and trust you is obvious. Sometimes we get so focused on new customers that we miss the gold mine in our own back yard. Take advantage of the hard work you’ve invested in winning the loyal customers you already have with these ideas:

Create a Special Deal
Show your customers you appreciate them and understand their needs with a special offer catered just for them. You’ll be thanking them, and selling more in the process.

Add New Products
Increase the number of products you already have available - especially products that your customers have asked for. They’ll know that you’re looking out for them, and you’ll take their thanks to the bank.

Communicate
Resell yourself on a regular basis. Don’t forget to let them know about upcoming specials that they’ll appreciate. Most of all... keep selling them on the benefits of the products or services you offer.


About the author:
Who is Allyn Cutts, and why should you care? Allyn has spent over 24 years helping businesses like yours find new customers and increase sales to current customers. Allyn is a marketing and sales fanatic, providing measurable marketing solutions that drive huge results for small-to mid-size business clients. Allyn works personally with clients to design and deliver off-line and on-line direct marketing strategies that focus on metrics and measurable results. You can learn more about Allyn Cutts at http://www.AllynCutts.comand you can call 610.437.4106 between 10 AM and 4 PM Eastern Time Tuesdays and Thursdays.

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The best way to increase sales

Marketers from every niche have common ground when it comes to bills. Yeah, every month there’s a new stack of bills demanding to be paid. Will there be enough profit to slide right through bill paying time without a flinch? Or do you find yourself fretting about whether you’ll even break even? You don’t have to be victimized by envelopes and 8x10 sheets of paper. Implement these 3 techniques to boost your sales.

1. Find More Customers
The first thing that comes to mind when we think of making more money is getting more customers through our doors. In fact, the majority of advertising focuses on doing just that. There are several things you can do to entice more customers to buy from you.

Implement Follow-Ups
Marketing gurus have discovered that follow ups can increase your customer conversion rates by as much as 50%. Now, that’s a whopping improvement! Don’t let potential customers fade away. Keep the doors for future communication open, and watch the drastic growth in your profits.

Encourage Referrals
Every satisfied customer will tell 3 friends or family members about your business - without encouragement. Imagine what would happen if you start rewarding their efforts.

Get Free Publicity
Nearly everyone keeps a sharp eye on the local news. Hey, it’s funner to know what’s going on when you personally recognize the names and faces in print! Find ways to make your business newsworthy and catch the attention of potential customers without even paying advertising fees.


2. Sell More Per Customer
Think about it... how can you get every customer that walks through your doors to spend more money before walking back out the doors? Here are 3 sure-fire, profit increasing tips:

Increase your prices.
Hey, that might not be as bad as you think. Along with the price increase, focus on increasing the perceived value of your product. Yeah, we all expect to pay a little more for high quality stuff. Not everyone is bent on finding the absolute cheapest price in town... they may be more interested in lasting quality.

Add some higher end products or services to your business.
It’s never wise to put all of your eggs in one basket. That’s why wise marketers diversify their products and services. Think of it this way... higher priced products may not make as many sales, but each sale will bring in a much greater profit. You don’t need to make as many sales to come out on the best end of the deal.

Upsell
Offer every customer an additional product that accents his current purchase at the register. Hey, maybe they forgot they’d need batteries to go with the toy they're getting for their niece's birthday gift! You can be a hero... a richer hero.

3. Sell More Often
The fact that it’s easier to sell to the people who know and trust you is obvious. Sometimes we get so focused on new customers that we miss the gold mine in our own back yard. Take advantage of the hard work you’ve invested in winning the loyal customers you already have with these ideas:

Create a Special Deal
Show your customers you appreciate them and understand their needs with a special offer catered just for them. You’ll be thanking them, and selling more in the process.

Add New Products
Increase the number of products you already have available - especially products that your customers have asked for. They’ll know that you’re looking out for them, and you’ll take their thanks to the bank.

Communicate
Resell yourself on a regular basis. Don’t forget to let them know about upcoming specials that they’ll appreciate. Most of all... keep selling them on the benefits of the products or services you offer.


About the author:
Who is Allyn Cutts, and why should you care? Allyn has spent over 24 years helping businesses like yours find new customers and increase sales to current customers. Allyn is a marketing and sales fanatic, providing measurable marketing solutions that drive huge results for small-to mid-size business clients. Allyn works personally with clients to design and deliver off-line and on-line direct marketing strategies that focus on metrics and measurable results. You can learn more about Allyn Cutts at http://www.AllynCutts.comand you can call 610.437.4106 between 10 AM and 4 PM Eastern Time Tuesdays and Thursdays.

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Business Building Tool Can Change Your Life

Ever wonder why one person succeeds and another fails in MLM? Or why someone has massive success in a company, then leaves, goes someplace else, and never, ever again duplicates that success? Or why some people spend 5, 10, even 20 years in network marketing with NO success...

Yet they never quit!

Or how an industry that does so many things so wrong can still be so popular ...

This Tool Can Change Your Life

On December 12, 2004, our team released the ebook "Success In 10 Steps", the story of what we have learned from 26 years in MLM.

The feedback has been astonishing.

People say, "I could have written that book!

That was my story.

Why did you steal my story? How could you know exactly what I went through?"

Back in 1991, my mentor was making full-time income from MLM.

He retired from that company and actually joined over 100 network marketing companies in the next few years, to figure out how this industry really works: the good, the bad, the ugly.

Here's what he did:
1. Got on dozens of company conference calls
2. Organized & categorized companies, products, compensation plans, distributor kits, & marketing materials to compare each company with all the others
3. Studied their business models, to understand what kind of behavior certain business models drove
4. Studied how different "upline gurus" trained (or did not train) their people

This process answered all the mysteries. It also revealed some valuable, valuable secrets about network marketing.

Example #1:

The hard-driving, closing salesperson is about 8% of the population. And those 8% have convinced the other 92% that the 8% are right and the 92% are wrong.

How did they do that?

Because that is what THEY do. It works for them, so they have total confidence they are right, and when you feel their confidence, you KNOW they must be right, so you do what they tell you.

92% of the world's population is sales-resistant.

They do not like to be sold, and they do not want to become that pushy, aggressive salesperson nobody likes. Yet when they join MLM, some upline leader tells them,

"Make a list of your friends and family. Call them up. Get 'em into the business. You need to hear 100 'No's for every 'Yes'.

Guess what?

It still only works for the 8%.

If you let them mesmerize you, you can wander aimlessly in the "failure" desert for years...

Maybe forever.

The Choice Is Yours

You can't become something you hate in order to be successful. This model works for the 8% who are real salespeople.

It's a disaster for the rest of us...

A very bad business model.

Example #2:

Every person on the planet has to be educated in the skills of what they're doing.

Whether you're a doctor, carpenter, plumber, ditch digger ... whatever you are... You've got to be taught the skills of that business.

And what "Success In 10 Steps" does for people is, it gets them to realize,

It's not your fault! The people teaching you didn't know any better.

They weren't bad people. They weren't lying to you intentionally. They just didn't know any other way to do the business.

Do you think you can wake up one morning and say, "I'm going to be a doctor!"

And you go down and join a company, get a distributor kit for 50 bucks, and you're a doctor?

Of course not. That's ludicrous.

How about a carpenter?

No way. You have to learn pitches and square and level and plumb.

You have to be taught the skills. Yet people get in network marketing, and they're told,

"Call your friends & family." It's the biggest fallacy in the industry.

Network marketing is not a sales business.

It's a teaching & mentoring business.

When you build people, people will build your business. Those upline guru leaders will tell you,

"Well, you didn't make enough phone calls. You're a loser. If it's to be, it's up to me." Have you heard all that stuff?

I bet you believed it, too, haven't you?

Why This Ebook Is Such a Hot Tool For Building Your Business

So the ebook really opens people's eyes to the fact that they've been lied to. You must do your business with people who WANT to be in business with you. You have to sell product to people who LOVE the product and want to buy it. That only comes through target marketing.

We learned early-on about targeted marketing.

Only talk to people who have raised their hand and want what you have.

Well, guess what? EVERY person who downloads "Success In 10 Steps" is trying to figure out why MLM is not working for them. When you call them up, they could be in a company already. They could be working the business a year or 2 or 5, 7, 10 years. But why would they download that ebook?

They're divulging some critical information. The business is not working for them.

They want to figure out what the problem is. And they're looking to you for help. THAT is the basis of a long-term relationship, and THAT is the effect you can create with "Success In 10 Steps."

See for yourself. Download your copy now.

About the author:
Jerry Olthoff lives in Apache Junction, AZ, with his wife, Dr. Nancy Olthoff, and their 2 mini-dachshunds. For years he owned an insurance agency. Now he helps people achieve success in network marketing. Get your complimentary copy of "Success in 10 Steps" at http://drolthoff.bigmlmlies.com/?mad=2823

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product innovations for audio

Once entrepreneurs and solo-professionals get the idea they can write their own ticket with self-produced audio products, they get excited. Really excited.

And that’s the rub.

Because folks that are excited have a lot of energy and enthusiasm. Which is good. But they also are hell bent on squandering that energy on any idea that comes to mind. Which is not so good.

Because, the worst place to make a mistake is right at the beginning of your journey. And a mistake in the early stages of your product creation career can not only sink that first project, but discourage you from EVER producing anything again.

There are Seven Blatant Blunders that novice audio product creators make repeatedly. And while these aren’t the only pitfalls you’ll have to watch out for, they are the ones that will rear up when you least expect it, to bite you on the you-know-where:


BLATANT BLUNDER #1 -- What I Want, Not What They Want

If making money was not a reality of business, we could produce anything we want. But, for most of us, making money is crucial. I can’t remember the last time my landlord accepted my good intentions and sweet smile as payment in full.

Still, its shocking to see how many folks ignore this fact when choosing their first products. They’ve often had a dream or a fantasy of just what they would create if they only knew how.

But once they learn how, they forget that it takes two to tango. And if your market does not share your dream, you’re going to end up with an expensive failure.

Look, I’m not saying to pander to the lowest common denominator to make a buck. I am saying you need to find the happy meeting point between what you do best, what you love to do, and what your market is willing to buy BEFORE you decide on your first product.


BLATANT BLUNDER #2 – THE MINI-SERIES FIASCO

While people are often terrified of recording audio, once they learn how easy it can be, the pendulum swings in the other direction. Suddenly, even a Steven Spielberg extravaganza looks too small.

The best thing you can do for your production career is to start small. Do whatever you can to get a modest project out there quickly, even if it means doing a 15-minute free program that you give away at your speaking engagements.

Confidence is contagious. The best way to build confidence is to get your first recording out the door and seeing the happy smiling faces of people who snap it up. Get focused – get simple – and get something done.

And leave the multi-part mini-series for later.


BLATANT BLUNDER #3 – THE OPRAH SYNDROME:

True, simply creating a decent product will raise your profile in the eyes of your customers.

But it won’t get you on Oprah.

Many first-time producers just don’t get that simply producing great audio does not assure success. You have to make sure those who can benefit from it KNOW just how valuable it is, making the cost of NOT buying it seem much higher than the cost of buying it.

For many folks their dream of success included an appearance on Orpah.

The good news is that you can make a boatload of money without getting within a thousand mile radius of her show. And the energy of that fantasy can best be channeled towards achieving more down to earth goals.

True – if you build it, they will come. But they may NOT come in sufficient number to make it worth your while. Focus on what you can do NOW. And leave Oprah for later.


BLATANT BLUNDER #4 – WORKING WITHOUT A STRATEGY

I always tell my clients “Ask not what you can do for your audio, ask what AUDIO CAN DO FOR YOU.”

However, most folks get stuck right at the start by asking “What project should I produce?” When the question they should be asking is “What do I want this project to accomplish for my business?” Is it building a huge mailing list? Is it creating sales on your website? Is it having a substantial product to sell at your live appearances? Or is it having a bonus to entice folks to sign up for your high end services?

Audio is not an end in itself – but a means to accomplish what you want in your business. People who try to decide what project to produce BEFORE asking what they want that project to achieve are working very hard for their audio. My suggestion is to turn the tables, put strategy FIRST, and let your audio work very hard for YOU.


BLATANT BLUNDER #5 – MISSING THE UPSELL

An upsell is simply a way of making additional money from people who have just bought (or are in the process) of buying something else from you. For example, if you are giving a live workshop, give attendees the opportunity to purchase an additional product that builds upon what they’ve discovered in your workshop.

Because its so much easier to serve your existing raving fans than to try to earn new ones, an upsell is an effective strategy. Don’t ignore the fact that a purchase is a vote of confidence. And when people have purchased (or are in the process of purchasing) is the BEST time to add additional value by giving them a GREAT DEAL on a supplemental product.


BLATANT BLUNDER #6 – NO PRODUCT SHOULD STAND ALONE

Folks who see their audio merely as a stand alone offering, rather than a component of an entire package or bundle of products and services, are missing out on a huge portion of their profits.

Because, strange as it sounds, people are actually happier to spend more money with you if they feel they are getting a great deal. The same person who complains about the price of bread going up 20 cents, will, in the next breath, crow about the $3,000 they saved on their $50,000 Mercedes.

People love a good deal – and will happily spend a lot with you if that’s what they feel they are getting. I’m not saying you shouldn’t sell your products alone. I am saying you must ALSO look for ways you can bundle your audio products with other services.


BLATANT BLUNDER #7 – LOOK MA, I’M INVISIBLE

In a perfect world, your audio would emit a secret signal, audible only to your target market, that would hypnotize them to buy. But until that’s perfected, you’re going to have to find ways to get the word out.

Fortunately, there are lots of ways to do this. Public appearances are great because audiences get a chance to sample you ‘in the flesh’. And its often a small step for them to ‘take you home with them’ by purchasing your products. Distributing free articles to build your mailing list is another time-tested way to make this happen. You can also link your audio to publicity for a book, e-book or workshop you’ve already got going.

There are many ways to get visibility for your project. And its wise to put some thought into how you’re going to do that BEFORE you record. Because the only thing worse than being all dressed up with nowhere to go, is to have 100 copies of your first CD sitting in your closet without the slightest idea of how you’re going to get them into the hands of your customers.

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e-commerce orlando

In the early days, guessing was considered to be the smartest thing to do. After all, we needed to start somewhere and develop ourselves from scratch so we were ready to find out what works and what doesn’t.

Today, guessing is the least smart thing do. In fact, it can be the most expensive thing to do in terms of time, effort and maybe money.

So, what has that got to do with you and starting your internet business? A lot!

In my experience, I cannot help but notice that most internet business novices prefer to take the guessing path even though there is a lot of uncertainty when you first step into the cyber marketplace.

I think I will probably never know why, but I believe the reason is, is that they would prefer to save the little money they have rather than to invest in the essential education they need to succeed online. Money is another subject by itself that I can’t cover in this article but I’d like you to know that it’s “time over money” and not “time is money” dogma that most of us subscribe to.

If you don’t believe me, here’s a case study for you.

Ed has $500 to spare on his internet business. He wants to start an internet business but he doesn’t know how to. He came across a $97 E-book that can teach him how to do just that, but he decided that $97 is too expensive and decides to take the free way. Ed wants to get web hosting and domain name but since buying a domain name has a price tag on it, he decides to use a free web hosting service at Yahoo! Now, Ed doesn’t know how to get started let alone recognize his available options. By luck, he’s heard about affiliate marketing and decides to be one. After a couple of months without much success, Ed decides to create his own information product but doesn’t know how to. There’s a paid guide on how one can create his own information product but decides that $37 should go to filling his stomach.

Now let’s zoom into year two, and what are the results for Ed? A lot of precious time wasted shooting in the dark, lousy results, a hole in the pocket, and maybe a swell in the pride. What an expensive price to pay for being a cheap skate!

By the way, the name Ed is a fiction. However, the case study is REAL. And I don’t know how many more people are just like Ed.

Even after a few months in business online, the internet business novices are still just that, internet business novices. This explains why we still have people complaining in public forums about not heading anywhere with their internet business even after a couple of years working online.

Is that what you really want? I don’t think anyone wants to remain an amateur for the next three years, let alone forever. Not me, that’s for sure!

I’d prefer to pay for information that can save me from doing the guesswork. You can say that in a way, I’d rather pay other people who have done the guessing for me so I can get ahead quickly. I don’t mind forking out the money as long as I get to save my own time and effort.

However, most people just don’t seem to value their time. This is evident as most novices prefer to save the few dollars they have than to invest their small sum in saving their time from guessing. This explains why we have people whining about not progressing much online even after a couple of years working online.

If you have been trying to save the few dollars you have from investing in the essential education you need to succeed online, you are guaranteed to have little or no results with so much of your precious time wasted.

So, are you going to guess in the dark or invest in your essential education to succeed in your internet business? It’s your choice from here.

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The Word Perfect And Emotionally in marketing

An effective sales letter is much more than a bunch of words describing what you have for sale, but judging by some of the sales messages on far too many websites, not a lot of people know that.

The ‘buy one get one free’ mentality is still alive and kicking and working overtime all over the Internet, but sadly at the expense of the English language.

A sales letter, whether written for an online product or service promotion or for print and mail, has a specific job to do. It has to sell. It’s your salesman. And it doesn’t matter how good or how bad your product or service is, the sales letter is your marketing lifeline.

It truly amazes me when some companies, who are willing to spend thousands on product development then thousands on a state of the art website, go on to fill it with snippets of grammatically flawed information and with more typos yuo cun shak a stuck at.

In my opinion, poor grammar and typing errors account for more lost sales from websites than just about any other factor. Why? Because they instantly lose you credibility. Potential customers need to feel reassured that the product you are selling is genuine. Also, that you are genuine and your business is not about ripping people off.

A poorly created sales message will tell your customers you don’t care. You don’t care about communicating with them. You don’t really care about the message on your website. So why then, would you expect them to care about enriching you by buying your products? They simply won’t.

A website sales message has to work much harder than its printed counterpart because it has less time in which to convince the prospect to buy. People tend to ‘quick scan’ website sales messages, whereas a printed letter can be read at leisure anywhere that’s convenient.

Every single website owner who is trying to sell a product or service to a customer could improve their conversion rate dramatically if they would only spend a little more time on their sales copy.

So correct grammar and spelling is the number one priority for your sales letter.

Next is the structure of the letter. Your sales message must always follow the principles of AIDA. It must attract Attention, stir Interest, instil a feeling of Desire and make a call to Action. Why? Because this formula has been tried and tested over and over and has been proven to be the perfect structure.

If you think of a sales letter as being like a song. Then think how your favourite songs make you feel. Happy, sad, upbeat or melancholy, songs are meant to stir the emotions because people like to feel moved. If a sales letter sounds like music to your customer’s ears, you’ve just chalked up another sale.

Your sales letter is your song with which you have to intriguingly introduce yourself, slowly seduce your customer and make them feel exactly the way they want. If it gets them reaching for their credit cards, it has conveyed the right tuneful words at the right time. The words of your sales letter must have the power to say it all.

We can all learn much from how music affects us. It can reflect our moods, our emotions and our wants and needs. It’s a very powerful medium that can literally make us feel happy or sad. But it is only words after all. Just words accompanied by music. The most important thing to remember is how the words of a song can affect us emotionally.

Then remember this. Every buying decision we make is based on our emotions. Understand this, and incorporate emotionally stirring words into your sales copy.

Another important aspect to consider, when writing a sales letter is, we generally buy things because we want them and not because we need them. Your sales copy has got to make your prospects want what you’re selling. Don’t try to make them feel as though they need what you’re selling. Only they will know what they need in their life.

Getting back to the song connection, if you take away the music the song (message) is still there. The music certainly helps the words flow and can help create the mood, but without the words, the meaning of the ‘piece’ is left to the imagination.

Next time you’re thinking of creating a sales letter for your website, remember to pay particular attention to the grammar and spelling. Construct your letter using the AIDA principle and think about how you might present your letter with emotion.

Nothing is more powerful than the written word.

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What are the secrets of success? The advice of business leaders

Out of the bevy of reality television shows today, no TV show affects the business minds and goals of entrepreneurs everywhere more than “The Apprentice”. The show stars Donald Trump, the famous, wealthy real estate and business icon that has become a household name. Donald Trump has been in business for several decades and knows the secrets to becoming a highly successful businessman.

In the past, public indications of his success were mainly found on buildings in New York City such as Trump Towers. He has been a major player in New York City and in the business world for the past few decades. However, the general public didn’t always have intimate access to his world like they do now through “The Apprentice” television show. On the show he interviews several candidates for a highly coveted position in his company. The candidates work on various tasks over several weeks. They rely on their education and experience to help them succeed.

The candidates and any business professional would benefit from learning the secrets of Donald Trump’s success. You might not have the opportunity to be on the show, but you can listen your way to success instead. Invest in your future by listening to Trump: How to Get Rich by Donald J. Trump. Donald Trump provides valuable insights on how to become a champion in business and reap financial rewards previously unimaginable. He covers a wide range of topics from investing to hiring the best employees.

Donald Trump is not the only business guru dispensing advice and anecdotes about his personal success. Steve Jobs revitalized Apple and returned it to dominance among technology companies. Jack Welch brought General Electric to new levels of success through innovative and unique business methods. Experience their business journeys by listening to The Second Coming of Steve Jobs by Alan Deutschman and Jack: Straight from the Gut by Jack Welch.

Interested in a business success story rifled with scandal? Listening to The Rockefellers by Peter Collier will suit your fancy. The Rockefeller family created a dynasty that built a mountain of wealth, but also evoked family of problems. Learn the affects of success that were both beneficial and detrimental to the Rockefellers.

Want to hear about other entrepreneurs? Check out the Venture Voice Podcast by Gregory Galant or the InfoTalk podcast from Podtech.net. Take an inside look at how to start a business, where technology is headed and other entrepreneurial issues.

Pop in these audio books on your car drive or train commute to work. Listen while you are working on paperwork at home or exercising in the gym. Take the time to become business savvy and learn from the pros. You’ll be glad you did as your bank account swells and your business takes off.

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Types of stocks and bonds

There are many types of shares in the stock market, such as (ordinary shares, and free, and excellent, and the shares, and restricted and unrestricted), and can distinguish between all these

species in the stock market as follows:

- Ordinary shares:
the title is a right of ownership of the company, and give the bearer the right to attend the annual General Assembly of the company, access to distribution if the company achieved a profit.
- Bonus shares:
which is distributed to shareholders by having the ordinary shares, and shareholders are free to increase as the company's capital, and generated by the holding parts of the company's profits; and therefore the shareholders have the right to this increase in capital.
- Preference shares:
which gives the owner additional rights not enjoyed by the ordinary shares, such as that the owner receives the primacy of shareholders to have access to the regular portion of the profits of the company, and the owner has priority in access to rights upon liquidation of the company by a shareholder regular, and after the bond holders.
- Treasury shares:
Shares which are the company to re-purchase from the market through the Stock Exchange, the shares are not entitled to distributions or voting rights during the period of its ownership of the company.
- Restricted stock:
the words and registry for the registration and classification of the stock on the stock market, whether local or global, in particular through the actions of the registry, so as to give the Stock Exchange with the rights of the rights of this restriction.
- Unquoted shares:
it is the non-registered stock exchange, whether local or global stock markets.
- Coupon stock: which is the return on the stock, and this is a profit earned by the share of investment in the company.
On the contrary, this is not a large number of many types of bonds, and we must here distinguish between bonds issued by private sector companies, government bonds; where I serve as a loan guaranteed by the investment company's financial position, and the second loan is aimed at public spending and its government.

- Bonds issued by the business:
The bonds issued by the business as a contract or agreement between the business (the borrower) and the investor (lender). Under this agreement lends a certain amount of the second party to the First Party, which vows to turn out of the cold and benefits agreed upon in specific dates. May involve other terms of the contract for the benefit of the lender, such as certain fixed assets subject to a guarantee of payment or place restrictions on the issuance of other bonds at a later date. It may also include contract terms for the borrower, such as the right to call bonds before the maturity date.

Government bonds:

Means of debt instruments, government bonds of medium-and long-term issued by the Government in order to obtain additional resources to cover the shortfall in its budget or to meet inflation.
And consider the investor to the securities issued by the Government to be more attractive; It usually has a return of tax exemption, which is rarely achieved with other financial papers. In addition, diminishing the risk of stopping the risk of payment or to postpone it. The central government can increase its financial resources to meet the debt service by issuing more banknotes or by imposing new taxes, if forced to do so.

Typically, the papers are published in the State of information on these securities, such as the date of maturity, coupon rate, and the change in purchase price than in the previous day, and the revenue that can be achieved by the investor.

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Public Relations

The aim of the establishment of this administration is to create an effective channel of communication, as well as the development of information on the work of all participants in this area. This may include the exchange of information between the representatives of companies and chambers of commerce and trade missions and business of the international community and among local businessmen.

In addition, the establishment of the Department aims to create and also the distribution of studies, which means business and newspapers and periodicals and other means of communication.

And public relations department is divided into three main sections which represent the various activities and in the following manner:

(A) Department of International Relations.

(B) Section conferences and symposia.

(V) Department of internal relations.

Department of Communications Management

The Department of Communications of the most important sections of the administrative organization is the liaison between all departments and is the backbone, which is indispensable when there is work and everywhere.

Where they play a key role in controlling the effective and correspondence received and issued from the organization, as well as the proper functioning and regularity of employment and advancement, in line with the recent development and interest in order to maintain the confidentiality of work.

The Department is also to receive correspondence from all parts of the organization, and printing and delivery, as well as send and receive facsimile and telex messages and received by the organization.

And the Department is using the latest systems in the stimulation and retrieval, and with all those who tried to deal with government departments, and arbitration cases, embassies both at home and abroad, companies and individuals Badakhl and abroad, the Arab Chambers of foreign bodies, commercial banks ... Etc.

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definition Management

concept of Management.
Management concept can be approached from two sides: a matter of administration and management science.

• Management as a preocess.

Management is effective and efficient utilization of human resources, material and financial, information, ideas and time through the administrative processes of planning, organization, direction and oversight in order to achieve goals.

This resource is intended to:
1. Human resources: people who work in the organization.
2. Material resources: all that exists in the organization of the buildings, machinery and equipment ..
3. Financial resources: All amounts of money to be used for the conduct of ongoing and long-term investment.
4. Information and ideas: facts and figures, laws and regulations.
5. Time: the time available to complete the work.
6. It is intended to administrative operations:
7. Planning, organization and Altogerwalrkabp will be addressed later.

Effectiveness:
They are intended for the achievement of the objectives of the Organization

Efficiency:
They are intended for economic use of resources: the economy in the use of resources and good use of them, and the figure below shows the relationship of resources and the administrative process and objectives to each .

• Management as a science

Is the branch of social science which describes and analyzes and explains the phenomena and forecast management, and human behavior, which is taking place in different organizations to achieve certain objectives.

2 - Management skills
Require any director to have the following skills:

A - Conceptual Skills
Vision, such as the universality of the organization as a whole, parts of the topic and link to each other ... and so on.
This skill is required in more senior management.

B - Human Skills
In short, the ability and means to deal with others, which is equally required in all administrative levels.

C-Technical Skills
Kakedzab language skills and accounting, and computer use are required more in the lower administrative levels.

Is management science or art?

The art of management that has to be that of the Director has the ability to apply personal thoughts and theories, and intelligent management principles and tactful way reflect the experience and the experience and practice.
And management science, because we are studying in universities, the theories, principles and ideas of management and thus can be said that management is the art and science at the same time.

• Management Fields:

There are several areas where management are applied, is applied in the public sector and so in this case, public administration and applied in the economic sector and in this case called business.

A Department of a hospital called the Department of Administration to be applied in hospitals, the Department called the hotel management which is applied in the hotels.
Thus, we note that the Department acquire the domain name in which they are applied.

If applied in the designated ministries and public administration, and if applied in the economic activities of the Department called the ... etc., and the division of administration to public administration and management of the work of one of the most important divisions, and thus try to clarify the most important differences between them in the following table:
Business Administration General Administration
Make a profit objective to provide a public service
The youngest is usually large
Economic sector and in particular the private sector and government departments such as Ministry of the area of interest or application
Board of Directors of the State policy framework
Individuals, companies, people, money, Ministry of companies, the interest, the Foundation, the form of organization
Shareholders represented in the State of its regulatory Aljhpalrkabip
Maximize the profit on the availability of the service measure of success
Here it must be pointed out that the fur of these peoples have begun to shrink and disappear.
5 - relationship with other management science:
Relationship management than the science of the most important:
- The economy.
- Psychology.
- Sociology.
- Knowledge of mathematics.
- The science of law
- Politics.
Sciences - the other.

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